Free Speech Debate

Thirteen languages. Ten principles. One conversation.

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1We – all human beings – must be free and able to express ourselves, and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas, regardless of frontiers.»
2We defend the internet and all other forms of communication against illegitimate encroachments by both public and private powers.»
3We require and create open, diverse media so we can make well-informed decisions and participate fully in political life.»
4We speak openly and with civility about all kinds of human difference.»
5We allow no taboos in the discussion and dissemination of knowledge.»
6We neither make threats of violence nor accept violent intimidation.»
7We respect the believer but not necessarily the content of the belief.»
8We are all entitled to a private life but should accept such scrutiny as is in the public interest.»
9We should be able to counter slurs on our reputations without stifling legitimate debate.»
10We must be free to challenge all limits to freedom of expression and information justified on such grounds as national security, public order, morality and the protection of intellectual property.»

What’s missing?

Is there a vital area we have not addressed? A principle 11? An illuminating case study? Read other people's suggestions and add your own here. Or start the debate in your own language.

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Free Speech Bites

Nigel Warburton spoke with Timothy Garton Ash for Index on Censorship's Free Speech Bites about the Free Speech Debate Project and global free speech standards.

Published on: May 1, 2013 | Principle 1 | Comments: 0

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When does hate speech become dangerous speech? Consider Kenya and Rwanda

The forthcoming trial of Kenyan broadcaster Joshua Arap Sang poses vital questions about the connections between words and violence, argues Katherine Bruce-Lockhart.

Published on: April 26, 2013 | Principle 4 | Comments: 2

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George Orwell, Burma and three challenges to free expression

Timothy Garton Ash delivers the Orwell Lecture at an unprecedented literary festival in Rangoon. He talks about three Orwells and three Burmas.

Published on: April 23, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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A Turkish journalist’s censored plea for press freedom

Kerem Oktem introduces our translation of a column by Hasan Cemal, which his newspaper, Milliyet, refused to print.

Published on: April 12, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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Who should guard the Guardian?

Alan Rusbridger, editor-in-chief of the Guardian, argues that Britain needs both a free press and reform of its failed regulatory system. Since this will require both time and openness, a new independent press regulator should therefore be given a year's trial run.

Published on: April 2, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Free speech and the gun in Libya

Libyan media are crippled by their Gaddafi legacy. Without new regulations and, above all, bravery to stand up to violent intimidation, freedom of speech remains a distant dream, writes Jerry Timmins.

Published on: March 29, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Is Burma sliding back into censorship?

For all its talk of press freedom, the Burmese government has produced a surprise new bill containing oppressive provisions and undermining the press council it created. Ellen Wiles reports.

Published on: March 21, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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The writer and the state

The relationship between writers and the state is complex, multifaceted and changing. At the Jaipur Literature Festival 2013 a panel of experts explores some of the issues faced by writers around the world.

Published on: March 15, 2013 | Principle 10 | Comments: 0

A Kenyan reads a burnt copy of the Standard newspaper at the printing press in the Kenyan capital Nairobi

“If you rattle a snake…” The Kenyan government bites its media

In 2006 the Kenyan police violently raided the offices and printing press of the Standard Group media organisation. What was the government afraid of seeing reported? Dominic Burbidge explores a revealing case.

Published on: March 5, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

Burning newspaper (Photo by Punit Paranjpe / Reuters)

Does India need its Leveson?

India has its own fierce debate about media regulation. Arghya Sengupta discusses how the shadow of the 1970s “Emergency” hangs over proposed steps from failed self-regulation to statutory regulation.

Published on: January 22, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 3

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In India, too, people say self-regulation of the media is not enough.

In a panel John Lloyd, T.R. Andhyarujina, Harish Salve and Daya Thussu discussed whether self-regulation can continue to remain a viable way forward for the Indian media.

Published on: January 18, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

Tarun Tejpal, Story of my Assassins

Tarun Tejpal on investigative journalism and corruption in India

Indian journalist and writer Tarun Tejpal speaks about development and corruption in India, and the role of investigative journalism.

Published on: January 16, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Author and activist Arundhati Roy released from jail

Arundhati Roy on national security & the Indian media

The award-winning Indian novelist and activist speaks to Manav Bhushan about the limits to free speech in India, including government censorship through the media and "goon squads".

Published on: January 15, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Supporters of Shiv Sena burn Pakistan's national flag during a protest in New Delhi

War is not cricket!

An Indian and a Pakistani student at Oxford reflect on how their countries covered the same story in their own ways. By Zahra Shah and Debanshu Mukherjee.

Published on: January 14, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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The Future of Free Speech

Human Rights activist Aryeh Neier speaks about the future of free speech.

Published on: January 11, 2013 | Principle 1 | Comments: 1

The future of free speech

The Future of Free Speech

Aryeh Neier, human rights lawyer and president emeritus of the Open Society Foundations speaks about the future of free speech.

Published on: January 11, 2013 | Principle 1 | Comments: 0

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Why Rwanda and Libya need free speech – and media regulation.

Jerry Timmins describes a new report on media in two post-conflict societies, and argues that countries like Britain should do more to support them.

Published on: January 9, 2013 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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A sticky WCIT and the battle for control of the internet

At the World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT), authoritarian governments staked worrying claims. But the US-dominated model of non-governmental internet governance brings its own problems, writes Alison Powell. Beware of the Clinton Paradox.

Published on: December 20, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 3

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You can’t be serious!

The birthplace of western homo-erotica cuts a gay kiss from TV, writes Judith Bruhn.

Published on: December 7, 2012 | Comments: 1

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Does freedom of expression give us a right to show videos of animals being crushed?

In 2010 president Barack Obama signed a law banning videos that depict animal cruelty. Judith Bruhn explores whether this is a justified restriction to freedom of expression.

Published on: November 30, 2012 | Comments: 8

A cameraman's shadow is reflected on a poster of names of journalists who were slain in Philippines, during a prayer rally in commemoration of World Press Freedom Day in Manila

Libel and cybercrime laws in the Philippines

Filippino journalist Marites Vitug speaks about her experience being charged with libel for her investigative journalism, freedom of the press in the Philippines and the new cybercrime law.

Published on: November 21, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Murder

Does a murderer have the right to be forgotten?

In 2008 two convicted murderers asked for their names to be removed from Wikipedia and other online media outlets, in accordance with German law. Does the individual’s right to be forgotten take priority over the public’s right to know?

Published on: November 16, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 4

Ushahidi

How Ushahidi maps the voices of those in need

Dominic Burbidge discusses how Ushahidi’s transformative crowdsourcing techniques have alleviated crises in Kenya and beyond.

Published on: November 12, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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Operation West End

Indian journalist and writer Tarun Tejpal speaks about development and corruption in India, and the role of investigative journalism.

Published on: October 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Investigative journalism and human gullibility

Tarun Tejpal talks about how Tehelka uses investigative journalism.

Published on: October 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Fighting corruption in India

Tarun Tejpal discusses how to fight corruption in India and the role of Tehelka

Published on: October 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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The subversive nature of writing

Tarun Tejpal speaks about the future of investigative journalism in India and the subversive nature of writing.

Published on: October 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Defending Islam and free speech

FSD's Katie Engelhart sat in on this Frontline Club debate to discuss controversy surrounding the YouTube video Innocence of Muslims.

Published on: October 4, 2012 | Principle 6 | Comments: 1

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Has Innocence of Muslims ended the innocence of YouTube?

Join us to debate the role internet platforms like YouTube should play in setting free speech agendas in your country, your language and across the world. Online editor Brian Pellot kicks off the discussion.

Published on: September 26, 2012 | Principle 6 | Comments: 17

Voice of Free Libya

Why the Arab world needs community radio

Social media and satellite television played a crucial role in the Arab uprisings, but Daoud Kuttab argues community radio must be embraced to effect positive change in the region.

Published on: September 19, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Communication should not be an act of “rebelism”

Published on: September 5, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 0

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ACTA’s second act?

Published on: September 5, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 0

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Why ACTA failed

Published on: September 5, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 0

Amelia Andersdotter

Amelia Andersdotter on ACTA’s demise and the internet’s future

The Swedish Pirate Party's outspoken MEP explains why the European Parliament overwhelmingly rejected the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement in July and discusses WCIT, the internet's next four-letter foe.

Published on: September 5, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 0

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Countering slurs through media

Published on: August 23, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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American Gypsies reinforces stereotypes

Published on: August 23, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Romani women face “multiplied discrimination”

Published on: August 23, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Roma v Gypsy

Published on: August 23, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Romedia

Katalin Barsony on empowering Roma with technology

Romedia Foundation aims to disseminate an insider's view of Romani issues, empower Romani activists and challenge stereotypes through new media.

Published on: August 23, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

A campaign to prevent bribes in Zambia

How ‘brown envelope journalism’ holds back sub-Saharan Africa

Dominic Burbidge explores the corrupt links between political elites and mainstream media that suffocate genuine democratic debate in Africa.

Published on: August 17, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 3

Brazilian journalists

Should journalists need a diploma?

Brazil’s Supreme Court renewed a law that requires journalists to hold a university degree in journalism. A currently discussed Amendment to the Constitution could further restrict the country’s media writes Felipe Correa.

Published on: August 16, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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More than 100 journalists behind bars

Published on: August 1, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Why Turkey needs a hate crimes law

Published on: August 1, 2012 | Principle 4 | Comments: 0

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Hate speech widespread in Turkish media

Published on: August 1, 2012 | Principle 4 | Comments: 0

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The empirical vs Habermasian public sphere

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 1 | Comments: 0

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Social media’s unequal representations

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Top 5 free speech issues

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 1 | Comments: 0

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Media fragmentation weakens power of scrutiny

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Public service broadcasting: the price of plurality

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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The internet as an echo chamber

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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The trouble with media plurality

Published on: July 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Sina Weibo

Chinese journalists test free speech limits

Former investigative journalist Haiyan Wang describes the ways in which Chinese reporters push the boundaries of press freedom. Interview by Judith Bruhn.

Published on: July 27, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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When is it okay to publish graphic images?

Published on: July 12, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Was coverage of the Arab Spring impartial?

Published on: July 12, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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The rise of the ‘smart blogger’

Published on: July 12, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Partisan media leads to fragmentation

Published on: July 12, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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How impartial was the the BBC’s coverage of the Arab Spring?

A new report from former UN director of communications Edward Mortimer says the BBC's coverage of the Arab Spring uprisings was "reasonably impartial".

Published on: July 12, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Defamation and the internet

Published on: July 11, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 0

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The sex lives of public figures

Published on: July 11, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 0

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The difference between privacy & reputation

Published on: July 11, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 0

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The worst moment

Published on: July 11, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 0

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The rise of opinion journalism

Published on: July 4, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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The BBC: an endangered species?

Published on: July 4, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Paolo Mancini’s multiple partialities

Published on: July 4, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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What does impartiality mean?

Published on: July 4, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Data: the future of journalism

Published on: July 4, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 0

Amazon Introduces New Tablet At News Conference In New York

Why should Amazon be our taste and decency police?

The online retailer has been criticised for profiting from ebooks featuring terror and violence. No one should tell us what to read, says Jo Glanville.

Published on: June 27, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 2

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Storyful: verifying citizen journalism

Malachy Browne, news editor at Storyful, explains how the social media news agency validates news content sourced from the real-time web.

Published on: June 14, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Rupert Murdoch Gives Evidence At The Leveson Inquiry

China and “so-called freedom of speech”

China’s official media highlight Britain’s Murdoch scandal to illustrate western hypocrisy, writes Judith Bruhn.

Published on: June 12, 2012 | Comments: 0

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Improving media ethics in Turkey

A grassroots organisation set up by journalists attempts to create positive change in Turkish media, writes Yonca Poyraz Doğan, a correspondent at Today's Zaman.

Published on: June 11, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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Free speech in an unfair world

Free Speech Debate's 10 draft principles benefit those in positions of privilege and power, writes Sebastian Huempfer.

Published on: June 8, 2012 | Principle 12 | Comments: 8

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Africa: media and free speech

"People in Africa don't have the freedom to speak freely and hold governments accountable," says Nqobile Sibisi of Highway Africa's Future Journalists Programme.

Published on: May 31, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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Ukraine: a raiders’ state

Ukrainian cultural journals have become the target of "raiders" – shady groups working on behalf of powerful interests who use bogus property claims to close down businesses, says Mykola Riabchuk.

Published on: May 29, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 4

Citizen journalism

Al-Jazeera and the rise of citizen journalism

Since the beginning of the Arab uprising, more than 70,000 videos have been uploaded to Al-Jazeera's portal Sharek.

Published on: May 25, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

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Non-state censorship in modern-day India

At an event in Oxford in 2011, three Indian scholars called on OUP India to re-publish an essay which had been denounced by Hindu extremists. Less than two weeks later, the publisher reversed its earlier decision not to re-publish.

Published on: May 24, 2012 | Principle 1 | Comments: 0

Activists Protest ACTA Proposal

On Free Speech: The power of the web

This latest episode looks at the ethics of hacktivism, crowdsourcing in war zones and the right of Christians in the UK to wear the cross at work.

Published on: May 22, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 0

Rupert Murdoch Delivers Keynote At The National Summit On Education Reform

Judge grills mogul: the uses of transparency

The public nature of the Leveson Inquiry into the phone-hacking scandal has been exemplary, writes Timothy Garton Ash.

Published on: May 21, 2012 | Comments: 2

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Frontline SMS: using mobile technology for social change

Amy O'Donnell explains how she's using text messages to help African radio stations engage their listeners on important political issues.

Published on: May 17, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 3

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Richard Sambrook on the BBC & impartiality

The former director of BBC Global News explains what Britain's historic public service broadcaster means by 'impartiality' - and why it has not always achieved it.

Published on: May 11, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Ghana President John Atta Mills Visits China

Is China actually helping free media in Africa?

China may provide censorship tools to autocratic regimes in Africa, but western companies still dominate this market, writes Iginio Gagliardone, a post-doctoral fellow at Oxford University.

Published on: May 8, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 5

48th Munich Security Conference

World Press Freedom events end with “Carthage Declaration”

The declaration calls on governments, media outlets and Unesco to enhance press freedom around the world.

Published on: May 7, 2012 | Comments: 0

Vigil Held After Twin Attacks By Lone Extremist

Media ethics & the Anders Behring Breivik trial

Killer Anders Behring Breivik's testimony should be broadcast live to deter extremism, argues Anne Ardem, executive editor at Norwegian state broadcaster NRK.

Published on: April 26, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 4

Protesters Demonstrate Against The Visit Of Armenian President

Free speech in Turkey & the world – part two

Historian Halil Berktay discusses the denial by the Turkish state that the mass murders of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in 1915 constituted a genocide.

Published on: April 24, 2012 | Principle 5 | Comments: 1

Turkey

Free speech in Turkey & the world – part one

In the first past of this debate, research fellow Kerem Öktem argues that an individual's understanding of free speech is shaped by their personal history and geography.

Published on: April 23, 2012 | Principle 4 | Comments: 0

Ryan Giggs

Journalists do not have a divine right to invade privacy

Leading free speech expert Eric Barendt defends a British parliamentary report on privacy against criticisms by campaigning journalist John Kampfner.

Published on: April 19, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 1

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Hasan Cemal: Freedom of expression in Turkey

From communism to Kurdish separatism, the Turkish state has used a series of pretexts to deny freedom of expression to its citizens, says journalist Hasan Cemal.

Published on: April 16, 2012 | Principle 1 | Comments: 0

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Kazeboon: Egypt’s anti-military campaign

In 2011, a group of young Egyptians organised public film screenings to expose military violence against civilians, writes Hebatalla Taha.

Published on: April 5, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

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Wadah Khanfar on how the Arab Spring transformed journalism

The former head of Al Jazeera denies allegations that the network was in any way partisan under his watch, a criticism frequently levelled at the broadcaster, which is funded by the emir of Qatar.

Published on: April 4, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Silent Walk In Tribute to The Victims Of Shooting In Jewish School

Broadcasting a massacre

In March 2012, self-proclaimed jihadist Mohammed Merah strapped a camera to his chest before killing seven people in France. Al-Jazeera TV channel opted not to show the footage, writes Jeff Howard.

Published on: April 2, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 2

Hungarian Prime Minister Orban Meets Merkel

Hungary’s new media regulation

In 2010, the Hungarian prime minister passed a series of laws, giving excessive control over all private media to the government, writes Peter Bajomi-Lazar, a senior research fellow at the University of Oxford.

Published on: March 30, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 2

German 'Niiu' Is Europe's First Personalised Paper

German legislation could hinder free flow of information

Germany's draft ancillary copyright bill would force news aggregators such as Google News to pay German publishing houses when linking to news items produced by their newspapers, writes Maximilian Ruhenstroth-Bauer.

Published on: March 28, 2012 | Principle 2 | Comments: 1

Obama And Mexican President Calderon Hold Joint News Conf. At White House

The Mexican journalist and the “alcoholic” president

Mexican journalist Carmen Aristegui was fired for publicly calling on President Felipe Calderón to clarify rumours that he suffered from alcoholism, writes Felipe Correa.

Published on: March 14, 2012 | Principle 9 | Comments: 1

Beijing Media Corp Expects US$100 Million In Listing In Hong Kong

Orville Schell on the Chinese media

State control of media in China has certain benefits, including high quality television programmes, says Orville Schell of the Asia Society.

Published on: March 6, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 0

Brazil

Rede Globo & the 1989 Brazilian election

Beyond Citizen Kane, a documentary on the 1989 Brazilian election, argues that broadcaster Rede Globo manipulated the montage in favour of one of the two remaining candidates, writes Felipe Correa.

Published on: March 6, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 5

BBC Announce Plans For A Major Shake-Up Of The Corporation

Mark Thompson on the BBC & religion

The director general of the BBC explains why it aired Jerry Springer: The Opera, and talks about different responses to Christianity and Islam.

Published on: March 3, 2012 | Principle 7 | Comments: 12

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Paolo Mancini on media polarisation

The professor of political science says that while new technologies offer opportunities, they also lead to political and social polarisation.

Published on: March 1, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 1

Protesters demand release of Cairo 52 (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images)

(Not) reporting homosexuality in the Middle East

Media in the Middle East do not report gay issues in the same way as they would other news. By Brian Pellot.

Published on: February 28, 2012 | Principle 4 | Comments: 4

Merkel And Erdogan Mark 50 Years Of Turkish Immigration

Turkey’s new reform bill

The Turkish government has proposed a bill that will suspend all media offences committed before December 2011. But will the draft law actually improve press freedom, asks Funda Ustek.

Published on: February 23, 2012 | Comments: 0

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Death of a journalist in Pakistan

Pakistani journalist Saleem Shahzad was found dead after publishing an article on the links between al-Qaida and Pakistan's military, writes Ayyaz Mallick.

Published on: February 22, 2012 | Principle 6 | Comments: 0

The Leveson Inquiry Continues Into Culture, Practices And Ethics Of The Press

Celebrity privacy register

Lord Justice Leveson's proposal for a celebrity privacy register that would allow famous individuals to opt out of the media limelight has divided magazine editors, writes Sebastian Huempfer.

Published on: February 20, 2012 | Principle 8 | Comments: 1

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Turkish journalists: Şık and Şener

In March 2011, two prominent investigative journalists were arrested in Turkey because of their alleged ties to a terrorist organisation. Ahmet Şık and Nedim Şener faced 15 years' imprisonment if they were convicted, write Funda Ustek and Irem Kok.

Published on: February 17, 2012 | Principle 10 | Comments: 0

Wenzhou train collision

Wenzhou train collision

On July 23, 2011, two high-speed trains traveling on the Yongtaiwen railway line collided near the eastern coastal city of Wenzhou killing 40 people and injuring 191. A week later, all traces of the train accident had disappeared from newspaper and television programmes, writes Amy Qin.

Published on: February 15, 2012 | Principle 3 | Comments: 3

(Source: Spiegel Online)

The right of reply in Germany

Germany has a statutory right of reply in the media. Maximilian Ruhenstroth-Bauer explains a path to defending your reputation without going to court.

Published on: February 13, 2012 | Principle 9 | Comments: 1

Julian Assange Appears At Court To Fight Extradition Move

Julian Assange: a journalist?

In 2010, Wikileaks released its first tranche of classified US state department cables. If Julian Assange, founder of the whistle-blowing website, qualifies as a journalist then he would be protected under the first amendment, writes Katie Engelhart.

Published on: February 10, 2012 | Principle 10 | Comments: 4


Free Speech Debate is a research project of the Dahrendorf Programme for the Study of Freedom at St Antony's College in the University of Oxford. www.freespeechdebate.ox.ac.uk